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Add presentation 'using python for verif. of dig. systems'

master
T. Meissner 3 years ago
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DOC := qz2021_-_using_python_for_verification_of_digital_systems.md
PDF := $(DOC:.md=.pdf)
.PHONY: all
all: $(PDF)
%.pdf: %.md template/template.tex images/*
pandoc -t beamer --pdf-engine xelatex --listings --template=template/template.tex $< -o $@
.PHONY: clean
clean:
rm -rf $(PDF)

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{signal: [
{name: 'tx', wave: '10.10...101..'},
{name: '', wave: "x34.......53x", data: ["start", "data (0x42, 0d66)", "par", "stop"] }
]}

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{signal: [
{name: 'reset', wave: '01...|.....'},
{name: 'clk', wave: 'P....|.....'},
{name: 'valid', wave: '0.1.0|..10.'},
{name: 'accept', wave: '0..10|1..0.'},
{name: 'data', wave: 'x.3.x|..3x.'}
]}

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---
title: Using Python for Verification of Digital Systems
subtitle: QZ 2021
author:
- Torsten MeiĂźner
- torsten.meissner@secunet.com
date: February 2022
...
# Overview
* Introduction
* Functional Verification
* Co-Simulation
* Cocotb
* Python Packages
* Live Demo
* Summary
# Introduction
## FPGA-Workflow
1. Specification
2. Design entry
3. **Verification**
4. Synthesis
5. Device Mapping
6. Place & Route
7. Static Timing Analysis
8. Programming file generation
# Introduction
## Design Entry
1. Schematic Entry
2. **Hardware Description Languages (RTL)**
* **(System)Verilog**
* **VHDL**
3. High level languages
* System C
* Bluespec
* Chisel
* nmigen
# Functional Verification
1. **Functional Verification**
* **Simulation**
* Emulation
2. Formal Verification
* Property checking
* Equivalence checking
3. Lab Tests
* Target platform
* Logic Analyzer
* Oscilloscope
# Functional Verification
## Simulation
* Executing of design description in a simulator
* Test benches as infrastructure (HDL, C, etc.)
* Reference models (HDL, C, etc.)
* Directed & Random tests
* Code & functional Coverage
* Assertion Based Verification (PSL, SVA)
* Verification Frameworks (UVM, OSVVM, vUnit, etc.)
* Co-Simulation
# HDL Simulation
![](images/vhdl_sim.png)
# Co-Simulation
- Simulation with access to/from external program code
- Linked per shared library
## HDL Programming Interfaces
- VHDL Procedural Interface (VHPI)
- Verilog Procedural Interface (VPI)
- Propitrary interfaces (FLI)
- Access data in VHDL models in the simulator
## Features
- Static VHDL Design Data (Traverse hierarchy etc.)
- Dynamic VHDL Objects (R/W values of VHDL objects)
- Interaction and control (Callbacks as comm. mechanism between simulator user code)
- Foreign model instantiation and intercommunication
# Co-Simulation with SW reference Model
![](images/vhdl_cosim.png)
HDL testbench controls program flow
# Cocotb
- COroutine based COsimulation TestBench environment
- Verifying HDL designs with Python
- HDL normally only used for design, not the testbench
- Simulator only used to execute DUT RTL description
- Support many simulators (Free & propitrary)
- Free & open-source, active community
##
- High-level, multi-paradigm language
- Writing Python is fast - **very productive** language.
- **Easy interfacing** to other languages from Python
- **Huge library** of existing code to re-use
- **Interpreted** - tests can be edited and re-run w/o recompiling the design
- **Popular** - far more engineers know Python than Verilog / VHDL
- Working and reliable packet manager (PyPI)
# Cocotb Co-Simulation
![](images/cocotb_cosim.png)
Python testbench controls program flow
# Cocotb Design Interaction
## Accessing Design
- *dut* as handle to toplevel instantiation
- Access to toplevel and other signals with dot-notation
~~~~ {.python .stretch}
# Reference to toplevel clock input
clk = dut.clk_i
# Reference to signal in sub-unit
cpu_pc = dut.cpu.regfile.pc
~~~~
## Read / Write Values from Signals
- Via handle's *value* property
- Direct R/W access through the hierarchy
~~~~ {.python .stretch}
# Via value property
valid = dut.valid_i.value
if valid.value == 0:
valid.value = 1
# Direct access through hierarchy
if dut.reset_i.value == 1:
dut.cpu.regfile.pc.value = 0
~~~~
# Cocotb concurrent & sequential execution
## *async*: Mark Functions & Methods as Coroutines
~~~~ {.python .stretch}
async def reset(signal, time,):
signal.value = 0
# Block execution, wait for simulator time advances by 100 ns
await Timer(time, units='ns') # cocotb built-in class
signal.value = 1
~~~~
## *await*: Wait for other Coroutines or Simulator
- Block on another coroutines execution
- Pass control of execution back to simulator, allowing simulation time to advance
~~~~ {.python .stretch}
print("Hold reset")
await reset(dut.reset_i)
print("Released reset")
~~~~
# Cocotb concurrent execution
## *start()*
1. Schedules the new coroutine to be executed concurrently
2. Yields control to allow the new task (& any other pending tasks) to run
3. Resumes the calling task
~~~~ {.python .stretch}
await cocotb.start(reset(dut.reset_i, 100)
await Timer(90, units='ns')
print(f"Reset is still active: {dut.reset_i.value}")
await Timer(15, units='ns')
print(f"Reset has gone inactive: {dut.reset_i.value}")
~~~~
## *start_soon()*:
- Schedules the new coroutine for future execution, after the calling task yields control
~~~~ {.python .stretch}
clock = Clock(dut.clk_i, 10, units="ns") # Create a clock, cocotb built-in class
cocotb.start_soon(clock.start()) # Start the clock concurrently
~~~~
# Cocotb test functions
## *@cocotb.test()* Decorator
- Mark a callable which returns a coroutine as a test
- Provides a test timeout
- Allows to mark tests as skipped or expecting errors or failures
- Tests are evaluated in the order of their definition in a test module
~~~~ {.python .stretch}
@cocotb.test()
async def test_aes_init(dut):
""" Test AES initialization """
...
@cocotb.test()
async def test_aes_enc(dut):
""" Test AES encryption """
...
# This test is skipped from execution
@cocotb.test(skip=True)
async def test_aes_enc(dut):
""" Test AES encryption """
~~~~
# Cocotb Triggers
- Indicate when cocotb scheduler should resume coroutine execution
- Triggers should awaited for by coroutines
- Cause execution of the current coroutine to pause
- Execution of paused coroutine will resumes when trigger fires
- Triggers for simulator events, task synchronization etc.
~~~~ {.python .stretch}
# Wait for 100 ns
await Timer(100, units='ns')
# Wait for rising clock edge
await RisingEdge(dut.clk_i)
# Wait for 10 clock cycles
await ClockCycles(dut.clk_i, 10)
# Fires when first trigger in fires & returns its result
t1 = Timer(10, units='ns')
t2 = Timer(15, units='ns')
t_ret = await First(t1, t2) # returns after 10 ns simulation time
~~~~
# Cocotb Example: Verifying an UART transmitter
![](images/cocotb_uarttx.png)
# Cocotb Example: Verifying an UART transmitter
##
![](images/vai_uart_wave.png)
# Cocotb Example: Verifying an UART transmitter
## Valid-Accept Driver Model
~~~~ {.python .stretch}
async def send(self, data, sync=True):
if sync:
await self._clkedge
self._valid.value = 1
if isinstance(self._data, list):
for i in range(len(self._data)):
self._data[i].value = data[i]
else:
self._data.value = data
while True:
await ReadOnly()
if self._accept.value:
break
await self._clkedge
await self._clkedge
self._valid.value = 0
~~~~
# Cocotb Example: Verifying an UART transmitter
## UART Receiver Model
~~~~ {.python .stretch}
async def receive(self):
# Wait for frame start
await FallingEdge(self._txrx)
# Consume start bit
await self._get_start_bit()
# Receive data bits
self._rec = 0
for x in range(self._bits):
await self._wait_cycle()
await ReadOnly()
self._rec |= bool(self._txrx.value.integer) << x
if self._par:
# Consume parity bit
await self._get_parity_bit()
# Consume stop bit
await self._get_stop_bit()
return self._rec
~~~~
# Cocotb Example: Verifying an UART transmitter
## Test function
~~~~ {.python .stretch}
@cocotb.test()
async def test_uarttx(dut):
# Instantiate VAI driver & UART receiver
vai_driver = VaiDriver(dut.clk_i, dut.data_i, dut.valid_i, dut.accept_o)
uart_receiver = UartReceiver(dut.tx_o, dut.clk_i, 10, 8, True);
# Drive input defaults (setimmediatevalue to avoid x asserts)
dut.data_i.setimmediatevalue(0)
dut.valid_i.setimmediatevalue(0)
cocotb.start_soon(Clock(dut.clk_i, 10, units="ns").start()) # Start the clock
await reset(dut.reset_n_i, 100) # Block until reset() has completed
# Test 10 UART transmissions
for i in range(256):
await RisingEdge(dut.clk_i)
await vai_driver.send(i)
rec = await uart_receiver.receive();
assert rec == i, "UART sent data was incorrect on the {}th cycle".format(i)
~~~~
# Cocotb Example: Verifying an UART transmitter
~~~~ {.shell .stretch}
loading VPI module '/usr/local/lib/python3.9/dist-packages/cocotb/libs/libcocotbvpi_ghdl.so'
-.--ns INFO cocotb.gpi ../gpi/GpiCommon.cpp:99 in gpi_print_registered_impl VPI registered
VPI module loaded!
0.00ns INFO Running on GHDL version 2.0.0-dev (v1.0.0-974-g0e46300c) [Dunoon edition]
0.00ns INFO Running tests with cocotb v1.7.0.dev0 from /usr/local/lib/python3.9/...
0.00ns INFO Seeding Python random module with 1644512771
0.00ns INFO Found test tb_uarttx.test_uarttx
0.00ns INFO running test_uarttx (1/1)
First simple test
0.00ns INFO Valid-accept driver
0.00ns INFO cocotbext-vai version 0.0.1
0.00ns INFO Copyright (c) 2022 Torsten Meissner
0.00ns INFO UART receiver
0.00ns INFO cocotbext-uart version 0.0.1
0.00ns INFO Copyright (c) 2022 Torsten Meissner
100.00ns INFO Released reset
110.00ns INFO Send data: 0xb6
...
11160.00ns INFO Received data: 0xd8
11160.00ns INFO test_uarttx passed
11160.00ns INFO **********************************************************************
** TEST STATUS SIM TIME (ns) REAL TIME (s)
**********************************************************************
** tb_uarttx.test_uarttx PASS 11160.00 0.21
**********************************************************************
** TESTS=1 PASS=1 FAIL=0 SKIP=0 11160.00 0.22
**********************************************************************
~~~~
# Python Packages
## Cocotb related
- Reusable packages for cocotb testbenches
- Bus protocols, reference models etc.
- Verification libraries
- pyuvm
- cocotb-coverage
- umv-python
- Depending on cocotb
## Python generic
- Generic Python packages useful for verification
- pyvsc
- pyucis
- Whole Python ecosystem
- Not depending on cocotb
# Python Packages: pyvsc
## Python library for Verification Stimulus and Coverage
- Random verification-stimulus generation
- Functional coverage collection
- Implemented in pure Python
- Uses Boolector SMT-solver for solving user-defined constraints
~~~~ {.python .stretch}
@vsc.randobj
class my_cr():
def __init__(self):
self.a = vsc.rand_bit_t(8)
self.b = vsc.rand_bit_t(8)
@vsc.constraint
def ab_c(self):
self.a != 0
self.a <= self.b
self.b in vsc.rangelist(1,2,4,8)
~~~~
# Live Demo
## UART transmitter & receiver
- Simple tests using self written Python models for VAI & UART
## Wishbone slave with local SRAM interface
- Using cocotbext-wishbone package from PyPI
## AES128 en- and decryption
- Using pyvsc for constrained random & functional coverage
- Using Pycrypto for AES reference
# Summary
- Easy to use
- Good documentation
- In active development with regularly releases
- Free and open-source
- Allows Python SW-developers to verify digital systems
- Supports all major simulators used by FPGA teams
## Presentations code examples
* https://github.com/tmeissner/cocotb_with_ghdl
## References
* https://github.com/cocotb/cocotb
* https://github.com/fvutils/pyvsc
* https://github.com/wallento/cocotbext-wishbone
# Extras: Accessing signals
## *dut.signal.value = 1*
- Value is stored by the Scheduler
- All stored values are written at the same time at the end of the current simulator time step
## *.setimmediatevalue()*
- Value is assigned to this simulation object immediately
## Access to elements of indexable objects (arrays etc.)
~~~~ {.python .stretch}
dut.some_array[0].value = 1
~~~~
- Bit order depends on the HDL object (*to* or *downto*)
# Extras: Accessing signals
## Reading synchronous signals
- Returns after clock changes, but no sympathetic signals changed yet
- Sampling any signal here returns values settled during previous clock cycle
- Equivalent to registered processes in HDLs
## *ReadOnly()*
- Triggers in the postpone phase
- All signals have settled
- No more updates may occur on the clock edge event
- Sampling any signal here returns values settled current clock cycle
# Extras: Accessing signals
![](images/readonly.png)

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